Content
For the majority, even the inexperienced in In the viticulture of people, it is obvious that the ripening timing of grape berries plays a decisive role in choosing a particular variety when grown in most regions of Russia. Only southerners can afford to choose between early, medium or late varieties, for the rest it is very important that the grapes have time to at least somehow ripen before the onset of cold and rainy weather. Otherwise, there is no special point in growing it, except for purely decorative purposes.
In addition to the ripening of the grapes themselves, early and full ripening of the vine is equally important. It is this circumstance that can guarantee a good wintering of the bush and therefore plays no less important role than the winter hardiness of the variety itself.
What affects the timing of ripening
Early grape varieties it is customary to name all varieties that have a growing season of four months or less. Or, in other words, the period from the beginning of the buds on the shoots to the coloring of the berries on the bushes is no more than 120 days.
True, in grapes, all early varieties are divided, in turn, into three groups:
- Ultra early (ripening period 80-100 days);
- Very early (growing season 100-110 days);
- Just early (ripens about 110-120 days).
It is also necessary to understand that for the ripening of grapes, in addition to the number of days that have elapsed since the beginning of budding, other factors play a significant role.
Among them, the main place is occupied by the heat, which the vines can receive during the summer. There is even a special indicator for calculating heat, which is called the sum of active temperatures (or SAT). This indicator can be calculated by adding up all the air temperatures for the period when the average daily temperatures do not fall below + 10 ° C.
In order for the berries of ultra-early grape varieties to ripen, the sum of active temperatures should be from 1800 to 2000 °. Very early grapes need between 2000 and 2200 ° to ripen, and finally, common early grapes will require at least 2200-2400 °.
Taking these figures into account, gardeners of the middle lane have to rely on growing only early grape varieties in their plots. Although some tricks can help increase the SAT by 200-300 ° per season.
- The use of covering structures made of film or non-woven material;
- Planting grape bushes near the heated southern walls of houses and other buildings;
But in addition to heat, the ripening time of grapes is affected by:
- Possibility of returnable spring frosts;
- Moisture provision for grape bushes;
- Mechanical composition and fertilization of soils;
- The strength and direction of the prevailing winds.
Each grape variety has some measure of resistance to each of these factors. For example, the Sphinx and Victor, having approximately the same ripening period (110-115 days), can start bearing fruit at completely different periods.Since the buds of the Sphinx bloom very late and the likelihood of falling under spring frosts is minimal. And Victor begins budding very early, and the first shoots can be damaged by frost, and after the shoots are restored, the ripening period will naturally be delayed.
Therefore, in different conditions, this or that variety can show itself in different ways. It is for the same reason that there are no unambiguous leaders in early maturity. The earliest grapes in some conditions, can ripen 2-3 weeks later in other conditions.
Therefore, if you want to get in the first place super-early grapes, then you must deliberately under-load the bushes with the harvest.
In addition, the very concept of ripeness in relation to grapes is very relative. Usually grapes are considered mature, which have colored in the shade assigned to it according to the variety, have become more or less soft, elastic and have gained a certain amount of sugar content. But some varieties of grapes, including early ones, after staining to obtain a real rich taste, it is necessary to hang on the vines from several weeks to a month.
Considering all of the above, super-early grape varieties can ripen from the first half of July (in the southern regions) to early August (in the middle lane). Very early varieties ripen mainly from the end of July to the tenth of August. The ripening period for the rest of the early varieties includes the whole of August and up to the beginning of September.
In the middle lane, it is advisable to remove the entire crop in September from all, even later varieties, except for technical ones. The fact is that the shoots often cannot fully ripen (lignify) while the bunches are still hanging on them. And if the shoots do not have time to ripen, then they can be damaged by the lightest frosts, even under shelters.
Reasons for growing early maturing varieties
In addition to the most important reason associated with the elementary ripening of berries and shoots, there are several other reasons why early grape varieties are preferred to grow in many southern regions of Russia.
- Firstly, it may be more effective, since harvesting as early as possible, you may not have to deal with most fungal diseases, which are usually activated at the end of summer and autumn.
- Secondly, it turns out to be economically beneficial. After all, an early grape harvest is in higher demand in the market and, accordingly, has a much higher price.
- Finally, even southerners already in the middle of summer begin to yearn for the grape taste, which can be fully provided by several bushes of grapes ripening at the earliest dates.
Ultra early ripening
The unique varieties and hybrid forms of grapes described below manage to ripen on average in less than 100 days from the beginning of bud break. Among them there are fruits of different color and size, but most have good resistance to the main problems of growing grapes. Below you will find a brief description of the varieties with the most important characteristics that will allow you to determine how this or that grape variety is right for you and your conditions.
Light in color
In this category, there are most varieties and hybrid forms, but only the most popular and disease-resistant ones will be discussed.
Super-Extra
This variety of Pavlovsky's selection, fully justifying its name, despite its relative youth, is one of the most popular early grape varieties. On most sites, he is one of the first to keep up. Combining the large size of berries with their beauty and taste, it is also distinguished by the high marketability of relatively large clusters (400-800 g) and their transportability. Shoots also have time to ripen well. In addition, its resistance to fungal diseases is beyond praise, and frost resistance reaches -24 ° C.
F-14-75
Very easy to care for and stable in fruiting hybrid form from Hungary. Berries with strong nutmeg, pleasant to the taste, not prone to cracking, and the bunches remain on the bushes for a long time. Growth in the vine is rather weak, but it does not require pinching and rationing. Ripens well, cuttings root perfectly. The size of the berries may be too small for a table variety, but it ripens one of the first and forgives many care mistakes. The female type of flower may be considered a disadvantage, but pollinates beautifully with any nearby grape growing. It is resistant to diseases and tolerates frosts down to -26 ° C, it is recommended for rather harsh conditions.
Olympiad
Another of the earliest representatives of the grape family. The variety is quite old, therefore, apart from super early ripening, it is not particularly famous for anything. The yield is average and highly dependent on the conditions of detention. The bush is vigorous, the clusters are small, the berries accumulate a little sugar (15-16), but the acidity is minimal (5-6 g / l). Disease resistance is average.
Harold
In recent years, one of the most popular grape varieties, thanks to its record early maturity, harmonious taste with a light nutmeg aroma and good yield. The bunches are medium in size and density, berries gain sugar up to 20 Brix. Transportability and safety are good. Disease resistance is average.
Galahad
Also a very valuable and popular hybrid grape form. It ripens only a week later than Harold, but is distinguished by its high taste, which the tasters rated at 8.9 points. Berries and clusters are large, have a high presentation and excellent transportability. The bushes are vigorous, the shoots ripen well, the flowers are bisexual. Disease resistance is at a good level, frost resistance - up to -25 ° C.
Tsiravas Agraa
Very interesting and disease resistant ultra early ripening grape variety from Latvia. Not very well-known, but very promising variety for growing in the middle lane. By most indicators, it goes into the middle peasants - in the size of berries, bunches, the strength of the growth of the bushes and the yield. But the sugar content manages to gain up to 21 Brix, and the vine ripens well. The flowers are bisexual, tolerates frost down to -23 ° C.
Elegant Superearly
Not claiming record yields, but a reliable and disease-resistant superearly variety. The taste is simple, but the berries remain on the bushes for a long time. The color of the berries is considered not particularly attractive for the market (white-green), but it can withstand frosts down to -25 ° C.
Pink
Some of the most beautiful and attractive in color are pink grape varieties, among which you can also find several representatives of the ultra-early group.
Eva
Due to its relative novelty, or for some other reason, this hybrid form is not very popular among winegrowers. Of course, the bushes have significant growth force, and this has to be constantly pruned and rationed. But it ripens at the earliest, after 95 days, the berries and brushes are quite large and very beautiful, without peas. Sugar content is well gaining up to 22%. Shoots ripen early and along their entire length, which is very pleasant. The cuttings root perfectly, and the grapes can withstand frosts down to -24 ° C. Disease resistance is not fully understood, treatments are naturally needed, but due to the early ripening period, the main struggle can be postponed until the moment after harvesting the entire crop. All this proves that Eva is promising for growing in the middle lane.
Julian
Super early hybrid form with the original form of berries and bunches, obtained from one of the parents - Rizamata. The bushes have great vigor, the vine ripens along its entire length, the cuttings are rooted by 90-95%. The berries are not only beautiful, but also very tasty, with a firm crunchy pulp and good sugar accumulation. To obtain good yields, normalization is required, it is characterized by a higher average resistance to diseases.
Dark colored varieties
There are not so many high-quality dark-colored early grape varieties.
Beauty of Nikopol
Considered one of the best grape varieties with ultra-early ripening of berries. Very productive and powerful grapes, bunches and berries have an excellent presentation and harmonious taste. The disadvantage is the relative instability to mildew, which can be corrected by spraying the bushes after the release of the crop.
The video below allows you to get an idea about this variety, as well as about the raisin super early Veles grape variety.
Very early red nutmeg
A curious very early form of grapes from Moldova. The berries are very similar in shape variety Cardinal, but smaller in size. She has a feature that the older the bush, the larger the clusters and berries in them become. When ripe, the berries change color from red to almost purple.
Anniversary of the Kherson summer resident
A fairly new hybrid form of grapes from Ukraine is already very popular due to its ultra-early maturity, pleasant taste of berries with nutmeg notes, their attractive appearance and rather high winter hardiness of the bushes. The berries are large pink in color; in the sun they acquire an additional dark "tan".
Viking
Another popular ultra-early hybrid form with early and full maturation of all shoots. The bushes are vigorous and productive. Elongated berries can survive on the vine for several months. Disease resistance is average - requires mandatory treatments.
Rhombus
A completely new hybrid form of grapes, the fruits of which have an original diamond shape. The taste of the berries is also unusual, with some fruity notes. Ripens one of the first, but disease resistance has not yet been fully understood.
Kishmish
Among seedless grape varieties, there are also super-early ripening varieties.
Superearly seedless
The very name of this variety speaks volumes about its main characteristics. Harvesting can begin 80-85 days after the start of the growing season. This raisin is quite enough CAT about 1800 ° for full ripening. The berries have a tasty, crispy flesh with a thin skin and can be used for drying. Productivity and disease resistance are average. But the shoots ripen well.
Somerset Seedlis
It is considered the best seedless variety for northern viticulture, as it can withstand frosts down to -32 ° -34 ° С. Ripens one of the first. The clusters and berries are medium-sized, pinkish in color with a pleasant taste. The yield is average, but you have to pay for frost resistance and early maturity.
Very early and early in terms of ripening
There are quite a few grape varieties belonging to this group. Some of them were bred for a long time, new hybrid forms with early ripening are also popular. The following are the early table grape varieties (ripening period from 100 to 120 days), which have at least average resistance to major diseases and are popular among gardeners.
- Timur;
- Delight;
- Nadezhda Aksayskaya;
- Libya;
- Aladdin;
- Serafimovsky;
- Gingerbread man;
- Argo;
- Azalea;
- Amethyst of Novocherkassk;
- Athos;
- Victor;
- Unlight's Gift;
- Victoria;
- Sphinx;
- Rochefort;
- Codryanka;
- Cardinal Suite;
- Catalonia;
- In memory of the teacher;
- Transformation;
- Shevchenko.
There are quite a few interesting raisins in this category, the most popular of them are the following:
- Kishmish 342 or Hungarian
- Velez
- Jupiter
- Rusball improved
- Russian corinka
- Rylines pink seedless
Of particular note are the so-called technical or wine grape varieties with early ripening periods. Among them, the Hungarian variety Kristall stands out, which is characterized by high yields, early ripeness, and winter hardiness and a completely harmonious taste of berries, which allows some to classify it as a universal grape variety.
Other early-maturing technical varieties include:
- Reform
- Landau noir
- Valiant
- Kay Gray
It should be noted that since most of them are characterized by a rather high winter hardiness, many of them can be grown in a non-sheltered culture, on arches or gazebos.
Among the most resilient early non-covering grape varieties you can also note:
- Early pineapple
- Price
- Juodupe
- Outdoor furniture-878
- Vulture
- Sharov's riddle
The winter hardiness of most of these varieties is at the level of -28 ° -32 ° C, so you can try to grow them as non-sheltering ones, even in central Russia.
As it became obvious to you, there are a lot of early grape varieties, so you can easily choose the right grape according to your taste, and focusing on your specific conditions on the site.
